La risa disminuye los niveles de hormonas asociadas con el estrés

Según un estudio de la Universidad de Maryland, las personas que han padecido un infarto del miocardio ríen hasta un 40% menos que las personas sin ese antecedente.

La risa, al igual que el llanto, es un acto involuntario para la mayoría de las personas. Su mecanismo de funcionamiento reside en la respiración, y se produce mediante interrupciones de la exhalación del aliento. Este proceso activa, además del sistema respiratorio, otros sistemas de nuestro organismo, como son el neurológico y el cardiovascular., según recuerda la Fundación Española del Corazón (FEC).

El efecto de la risa en nuestro sistema cardiovascular es vasodilatador; la risa genera  endorfinas, que producen un estado de bienestar psicológico, de tal manera que ésta ayuda a proteger el aparato cardiovascular. Cuando reímos, el endotelio  se relaja, mejorando así la circulación de la sangre y disminuyendo la presión arterial.

El Dr. José Luis Palma Gámiz, vicepresidente de la FEC, afirma que "la risa y la actitud positiva frente a la vida son beneficiosas para la salud cardiovascular. Por el contrario, los estados de estrés producen alteraciones en la pared vascular y favorecen la aparición de arteriosclerosis". El doctor Palma añade que “el estrés permanente condiciona la presencia de sustancias  vasoconstrictoras que afectan al endotelio y facilitan  que  el colesterol, penetren en la pared interior de los vasos sanguíneos, dando lugar a distintas enfermedades cardiovasculares”.

Reír también ayuda a aumentar el HDL  y potencia la actividad de los linfocitos. Reír reduce, además, el nivel de hormonas asociadas al estrés y aumenta el nivel de óxido nítrico, por lo que mejora la circulación, reduce la inflamación  y previene la formación de placas de colesterol.

Según explica el Dr.Palma, “el óxido nítrico es el vasodilatador natural más potente que se conoce. Cuando actúan conjuntamente sustancias como la serotonina y el óxido nítrico se producen las condiciones óptimas para una mayor vasodilatación, especialmente en los pequeños vasos sanguíneos, y, por tanto, disminuye la posibilidad de que se produzca una alteración del endotelio”.

Diferencia diametrial arterial

Son varios los estudios que han constatado beneficios de la risa en nuestro sistema cardiovascular. uno de ellos, realizado por la Unidad de Cardiología Preventiva del Centro Médico de la Universidad de Maryland, demostró que las personas que han sufrido un infarto agudo de miocardio ríen hasta un 40% menos que las personas que no han sufrido ningún tipo de enfermedad cardiovascular.

Este mismo centro realizó otro estudio en el que sometió a los participantes a situaciones cómicas y estresantes a través del visionado de películas. Tras analizar su reacción fisiológica, se comprobó que la diferencia diametral arterial entre estas dos situaciones opuestas oscilaba entre un 30% y un 50%. Así, en el caso de las películas estresantes, las arterias se contraían dificultando el aporte sanguíneo y aumentando el riesgo de sufrir problemas cardiovasculares, mientras que en situaciones cómicas, se dilataban, mejorando así la circulación de la sangre.

El Dr. Palma recuerda, por último, que “estar en paz con uno mismo y con su entorno y tener una actitud positiva frente a la vida, viendo los aspectos buenos, ayuda a prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares".

Tomado de: Jano.es

CLASE TRASTORNOS DE LA HEMOSTASIA EN HEPATOPATIAS

CLASE TRASTORNOS DE LA HEMOSTASIA EN HEPATOPATIAS

ROTACIONPATOLOGIA CLINICA

ABRIL 2015

NEW STUDY INDICATES THAT EXERCISE IMPROVES NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the western world. A new study published in the Journal of Hepatology shows that exercise, regardless of frequency or intensity, benefits obese and overweight adults with NAFLD.

NAFLD is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is commonly associated with obesity and diabetes. There are no approved drug treatments for NAFLD, but lifestyle interventions such as diet, exercise, and the resulting weight loss have been shown to help improve NAFLD. In particular, these interventions can improve some features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is the progressive form of NAFLD.

Weight loss is the commonly recommended strategy for all obese and overweight patients with NAFLD. Both aerobic and resistance training-based exercise regimens reduce liver fat as well as visceral fat. However, the exact role of the amount and the intensity of aerobic exercise that would be needed to reverse or improve NAFLD (or NASH) had not been systematically assessed.

In the new study published in the Journal of Hepatology, investigators examined the effect of various aerobic exercise regimens in improving liver and visceral fat in overweight and obese people who had sedentary lifestyles. Using a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (RCT) design, they randomized 48 participants into four equal groups of 12 people: low-to-moderate intensity, high-volume aerobic exercise (LO:HI); high-intensity, low-volume aerobic exercise (HI:LO); low-to-moderate intensity, low-volume aerobic exercise (LO:LO); and placebo (PLA) for an eight-week period. Change in liver fat was assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).

All three groups, irrespective of the exercise regimen, showed improvement in liver fat of about 18-29% from the average baseline 7.5%, compared with the placebo group in which liver fat increased by an average of 14%. The improvement was independent of weight loss. There were no significant differences between the various aerobic exercise regimens in reducing liver fat over an eight-week period. However, the investigators conducted additional exploratory analyses and proposed that there was a trend towards greater reduction in liver fat and visceral fat in the two groups that utilized either high intensity with low volume (HI:LO) or low intensity with high volume (LO:HI) aerobic exercise.

“The results from our study show that all exercise doses, irrespective of volume or intensity, were efficacious in reducing liver fat and visceral fat by an amount that was clinically significant, in previously inactive, overweight, or obese adults compared with placebo. These changes were observed without clinically significant weight loss,” explained lead investigator Dr. Nathan Johnson, PhD, Senior Lecturer at the University of Sydney, Australia. “We found no difference between exercise regimens for these benefits,” added Jacob George, PhD, MBBS, Professor of Hepatic Medicine at the University of Sydney, Australia, and Head of the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney.

In an editorial in the same issue, Rohit Loomba, MD, MHSc, of the Division of Gastroenterology and Epidemiology at the University of California, San Diego, and Helena Cortez-Pinto, MD, PhD, of the Gastroenterology Service, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal, observed that “There is good quality evidence to support that regular exercise is beneficial in reducing the risk of NAFLD. In addition, both aerobic and resistance training regimens are equally effective in reducing liver fat in individuals with NAFLD even in the absence of weight loss.

They suggest that duration of exercise and intensity of exercise are both important and one could perhaps personalize the exercise regimen based upon a participant’s choice and still achieve similar results. “There are, however, no data to support that exercise alone without weight loss can improve or reverse NASH. There is preliminary evidence that vigorous exercise may be associated with a decreased risk of having NASH,” added Dr. Loomba and Dr. Cortez-Pinto. “The individual and joint effect of dose and intensity of exercise and their association with improvement in liver fat and other histologic features that are associated with NASH is a key research priority. In our expert opinion, a more stringent exercise-regimen than the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends, coupled with dietary interventions, may be needed to induce improvement in liver histologic features associated with NASH.”

Tomado de:http://www.easl.eu/.  JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY - EASL APRIL 08,2015

CRITERIOS DIAGNOSTICOS DE ADA PARA DIABETES MELLITUS 2015

Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes 2015

CLASE PURPURA DE HENOCH

CLASE : PURPURA DE HENOCH

ROTACION PATOLOGIA CLINICA

MODULO MEDICINA INTERNA

ABRIL 2015

Los fumadores subestiman su propio riesgo

Los fumadores tienden a subestimar su propio riesgo de padecer una enfermedad (especialmente si solo consumen unos pocos cigarrillos al día). Este es el resultado de una encuesta realizada en Francia y presentada en la Conferencia Europea sobre Cáncer de Pulmón (European Lung Cancer Conference, ELCC) celebrada en Ginebra (Suiza).

Investigadores del Hospital Nord de Marsella (Francia) analizaron datos de una encuesta representativa de 1602 franceses de edades comprendidas entre los 40 y 75 años. La encuesta incluyó a 1463 personas sin antecedentes de cáncer, de las que 481 eran exfumadoras y 330 fumadoras (un promedio de 14,2 cigarrillos al día).

Los resultados fueron un tanto alarmantes para los médicos. Solo la mitad de los participantes respondió que no existe una cantidad “segura” de cigarrillos que uno pueda fumar al día. El 34 % consideró, erróneamente, que fumar hasta diez cigarrillos al día no está relacionado con el riesgo de padecer cáncer de pulmón. Según el responsable del estudio, Laurent Greillier, “Este hallazgo es especialmente llamativo y peligroso. Demuestra que el consumo de cigarrillos relativamente bajo es considerado ‘seguro’ por muchas personas”.

Los encuestados también subestimaron su propio riesgo de cáncer. Solo aproximadamente la mitad de los fumadores afirmaron que tenían un riesgo superior al de la población corriente. Únicamente el 40 % de los encuestados era consciente de que la probabilidad mayor no desaparece tras dejar de fumar.

“Parece que las personas son conscientes de los peligros del tabaco para la salud, pero podrían pensar que los riesgos no son para ellos, sino solo para los demás. La negación es aún muy prevalente. Por tanto, las campañas contra el tabaquismo y la labor educativa sobre los riesgos deben ser constantes”, enfatizaba Greillier.

Tomado de Univadis.com

The placebome: Where genetics and the placebo effect meet

Placebos have helped to ease symptoms of illness for centuries and have been a fundamental component of clinical research to test new drug therapies for more than 70 years. But why some people respond to placebos and others do not remains under debate.

With the advent of genomics, researchers are learning that placebo responses are modified by a person's genetics, a discovery that raises important new questions regarding the role of the placebo in patient care and in drug development: How many genetic biomarkers exist? Can the medical field harness the placebo response to enhance personalized medical treatment? What might be the impact of placebo-drug interactions? And what will this new information mean for randomized clinical trials, which depend on placebo controls to test the efficacy of new drug candidates? Should a "no-treatment" control be added to future trials?

Researchers from the Program in Placebo Studies (PiPS) at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and from the Department of Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) explore these provocative issues in a review of evidence from placebo studies and randomized clinical trials. Published online today in Trends in Molecular Medicine, the article introduces the concept of "the placebome,"and identifies a network of genes that could significantly influence medicine and clinical trial design -- suggesting that placebos play a larger role in health care than previously recognized.

"Genetic sequencing is revealing that the placebo response is, in fact, a complex phenotype with an unfolding physiology," says corresponding author Kathryn T. Hall, PhD, MPH, a PiPS Research Fellow in the Division of General Medicine and Primary Care at BIDMC and Harvard Medical School. "The study of genomic effects on the placebo response -- what we call 'the placebome' -- is in its infancy, but there is already ample evidence that genetic variations in the brain's neurotransmitter pathways modify placebo effects. As a result, placebo responses are emerging as a legitimate series of biological reactions that must be rigorously characterized for efficient pharmaceutical development and optimal patient care."

The article focuses on several key concepts for future research and discussion regarding the role of the placebome in health care.

The Role of the Neurotransmitter in the Placebo Effect

The placebo effect occurs when patients show improvement from treatments that contain no active ingredients. Scientists initially used behavioral instruments, such as personality measures, to predict which patients would respond to placebos, but over the past decade, the development of sophisticated neuroimaging technologies illuminated the activation of the brain's neurotransmitter pathways in response to placebos. "Because they are the chemical messengers that either excite or inhibit nerve function in the brain, many neurotransmitters play key roles in reward and pain," explains Hall. "We hypothesized that genetic variation in the genes that encode the proteins in these neurotransmitter pathways might also modify placebo responses."

In 2012, Hall identified the first placebo biomarker, the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, reporting that genetic variations in COMT -- which influence the brain's levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine -- also determined the extent of an individual's placebo response.

A review of the scientific literature over the last 10 years provided the authors with further confirmation that, beyond the COMT gene, there is evidence for genetic variation in other neurotransmitter pathways that modify placebo response. These include the opioid, endocannabinoid and serotonin pathways -- suggesting the potential existence of a placebome or "network" of genes.

Possibility of Placebo-Drug Interactions

Knowing that neurotransmitter pathways are involved in placebo responses now raises a new consideration for both patient care and clinical research, say the authors: What if placebo responses and drug responses share the same brain pathways?

"We're discovering that the placebo is not the only component in the placebo effect," explains the paper's coauthor Ted Kaptchuk, Director of the PiPS at BIDMC and Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. "These neurotransmitter pathways, which are modified by genetics, are pathways that both drugs and the placebo act on. This now suggests that a drug could change a placebo response and a placebo response could modify a drug response."

The authors add that the potential overlap between placebo, drug treatment and disease adds to the complexity of the placebome and underscores the importance of understanding how it fits into larger more complex networks.

No-Treatment Arms in Clinical Trials

"The possibility that there could be a placebo-drug interaction as a result of genetic variation in placebo pathway genes suggests that we need to refine and recalibrate the assumptions of placebo controls in randomized clinical trials," the authors write. "An important next step in describing the placebome would be to include a no-treatment control in placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials. This approach might be cost effective and allow for a broad view of placebo response genes and other molecules across varying conditions and treatments."

As the "gold standard" for pharmaceutical research, randomized clinical trials include a "placebo arm," which is designed to control for the non-specific, non-pharmacological effects that are part of the administration and receipt of clinical treatment (i.e. the way a doctor is dressed, the way he or she describes what to expect from a drug, even the physical appearance of the doctor's office). But in order to properly study the placebo response, the authors propose that a "no -treatment" control needs to be incorporated into the trials.

"The best control for a drug is a placebo, but if you want to study placebos you need a no-treatment control," says Hall. "This is one of the major limitations in the scientific literature, but we believe that this could be addressed prospectively by including such an arm in future clinical trials.

"Knowledge of the placebome has the potential to guide development of novel strategies for both identifying placebo responders and clinical trial design," she adds. "The field of pharmacogenomics and our health care system's focus on precision medicine both call for the right treatment in the right place at the right time, and incorporating the placebome into this overall strategy could help lead to cost effective treatments and improved patient care. The placebome now let's us consider the placebo in a serious biological manner."

Tomado de: www.sciencedaily.com

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. (2015, April 13). The placebome: Where genetics and the placebo effect meet. ScienceDaily. Retrieved April 15, 2015 

Tango dancing benefits Parkinson's patients

Dancing the Argentine tango could have potential benefits for people at certain stages in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), according to findings in a new study by researchers at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital -The Neuro, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre. The study looked at changes in patients' motor abilities following a 12-week tango course, and is also the first study to assess the effect that tango has on non-motor symptoms.

The study looked at whether a social and physical activity linked to music, such as tango, could have possible therapeutic value for PD patients who characteristically suffer from motor dysfunctions -- tremor, rigidity, gait dysfunction -- as well as from non-motor symptoms, such as depression, fatigue and cognitive degeneration. Forty men and women with idiopathic Parkinson's disease participated in the study, which involved studio classes with two professional dance teachers. Patients were from the Movement Disorders Clinics of the McGill University Health Centre.

"There's accumulating evidence that habitual physical activity is associated with a lower risk of developing PD, which suggests a potential slowing of PD progression," says Dr. Silvia Rios Romenets, lead researcher in the study with a special interest in Parkinson's disease and dance therapy. Dr. Rios Romenets is a clinical research fellow at the Movement Disorders Clinics at The Neuro and Montreal General Hospital. "In the study, we found the tango was helpful in significantly improving balance and functional mobility, and seemed to encourage patients to appreciate their general course of therapy. We also found modest benefits in terms of patients' cognitive functions and in reducing fatigue. No significant changes were detected in overall motor functions."

Argentine tango may be particularly helpful for improving balance and functional mobility in patients with PD. Tango requires specific steps that involve rhythmically walking forward and backward. This may be particularly helpful for walking difficulties especially for freezing of gait and to prevent backward falls. In addition, tango requires working memory, control of attention, and multitasking to incorporate newly learned and previously learned dance elements, to stay in rhythm with the music, and maneuver around others on the dance floor.

Many PD patients find traditional exercise programs unappealing. Over half of PD patients fail to get their recommended daily dose of physical activity. There is however, a connection between music and the dopamine systems in the brain -- which are pivotal for establishing and maintaining behavior. So, combining music with exercise in dance such as the tango, can increase accessibility, enjoyability, and motivation, as well as improving mood and stimulating cognition. Also, the social interaction and social support involved in tango have positive results on mood and compliance.

Tomado de www.sciencedaily.com

McGill University. (2015, April 13). Tango dancing benefits Parkinson's patients.ScienceDaily. Retrieved April 15, 2015