Gestational diabetes and
preeclampsia during pregnancy increase risk of diabetes later
Both pre-eclampsia and
gestational diabetes are serious pregnancy complications that require medical
attention. However, they might be signs of later health issues to watch for as
well.
A
recent study found that developing diabetes later on, after having children,
was more likely in women who had pre-eclampsia or gestational diabetes.
Women with either pregnancy
complication were twice as likely to develop diabetes later on. However, the
study did not take into account whether the women were obese, so the higher
risk of later diabetes could be related to the women's weight.
The study, led by Denice S.
Feig, an associate professor of medicine and obstetrics & gynecology at the
University of Toronto Department of Medicine in Canada, looked at links between
certain pregnancy complications and later development of diabetes.
Women who have pre-eclampsia,
gestational hypertension and/or gestational diabetes are more likely to have
insulin resistance while they are pregnant.
Insulin
resistance means that the body does not respond to insulin as it should.
Insulin is a hormone that helps metabolize (process) carbohydrates like sugar
in your body.
Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy
complication in which a woman has high blood pressure and protein in her urine.
The only treatment is to deliver the baby. Gestational hypertension is high
blood pressure without protein in the urine.
Gestational diabetes means that
a woman develops diabetes while she is pregnant even though she did not have a
history of diabetes before pregnancy. For most women, the diabetes goes away
after delivering her baby.
The researchers wanted to know
if the insulin resistance that can accompany pre-eclampsia or gestational
diabetes might increase a woman's risk for developing non-gestational diabetes
later.
A little over one million women
(a total of 1,010,068) who delivered babies in Ontario between April 1994 and
March 2008 were categorized based on whether they had one or more of these
conditions or neither.
A total of 22,933 women had
pre-eclampsia only while 27,605 had gestational hypertension only and 30,852
had gestational diabetes only. A total of 1,476 women had both gestational
diabetes and pre-eclampsia, and 2,100 women had gestational diabetes and
gestational hypertension. The remaining 925,102 women did not have any of these
conditions.
The researchers then checked to
see how many of the women developed diabetes after having delivered their
babies up through March 2011.
The findings revealed that women
with pre-eclampsia or gestational diabetes were more likely to develop diabetes
than women with neither condition.
Approximately 6.5 out of every
1,000 women per year developed diabetes if they had had pre-eclampsia. Among
women who had gestational diabetes, 5.3 of every 1,000 per year developed
diabetes after having their child.
The rate of later diabetes among
those who did not have gestational diabetes or pre-eclampsia was 2.8 women out
of every 1,000 each year.
Having either pre-eclampsia
alone or having gestational diabetes alone were calculated to double a woman's
risk of developing diabetes in the subsequent 16 years after giving birth.
One
significant limitation of the study, however, is that the researchers did not
have information on the women's weight, including whether they were obese.
Obesity increases a woman's risk
for pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes, and obesity also increases a
person's risk for developing diabetes.
Therefore, it's possible that
the higher risk of later diabetes that was linked to pre-eclampsia or gestational
diabetes was also related to whether the women were obese.
Kurian
Thott, MD, FACOG, an OBGYN at Women's Health and Surgery Center in Washington,
DC, said this study was well designed, but it fell short in "looking at
variables that can be linked to both pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes,
which is maternal weight, both pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy."
"Doctors have know for many
years that there is a correlation between pre-eclampsia and gestational
diabetes, but we also factored in lifestyle, body mass index and
pregnancy-related [complications] as part of this diagnostic tree," Dr.
Thott said. Body mass index is a ratio of a person's height to weight, used to
determine if they are a healthy weight.
"It would be interesting to
see if weight gain during pregnancy or being overweight before pregnancy added
to this risk," Dr. Thott said. "Knowing this would help doctors
counsel women on dietary and exercise regimes before considering getting
pregnant. It would also help advise them on the importance of weight loss after
pregnancy with one of these complications, as it can help manage their future
pregnancy."
It's unclear whether a woman of
a normal, healthy weight who had pre-eclampsia or gestational diabetes would
also be more likely to develop diabetes later, based on the findings in this
study
Tomado de: dailyrx.com