El origen del candidato
'Fotografía del sospechoso'
Vaccine (2011); doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.098
BLOG DE TEMAS, ARTICULOS, CASOS CLINICOS Y NOTICIAS MEDICAS CON UN ENFOQUE AL LABORATORIO CLINICO
El origen del candidato
'Fotografía del sospechoso'
Swatee Patel, Principal Lecturer in Statistics in the University of Greenwich's School of Health & Social Care, analysed data from almost 7,000 15 and 16-year-olds born in northern Finland.
The study also suggested that the heavier the women, the greater the risk of wheezing and asthma-like symptoms. Those with a history of allergies also have a much higher risk of their children having chest problems.
Swatee Patel says: "Our research has shown that overweight or obese women, who become pregnant are more likely to have children who suffer from asthma or wheeze in their teenage years. The heaviest mothers were 47 per cent more likely to have children with severe wheezing compared to normal weight mothers. Our findings suggest that being overweight may interfere with normal fetal development as a result of disrupted metabolic or hormonal activity. This could partly contribute towards the rising rates of chronic asthma suffered by children. These new findings add to a long list of damaging effects of obesity, not only in the mothers but in their children."
The mothers were questioned when they were 12 weeks pregnant about their lifestyle, social background, and educational achievements. Medical data on height and weight before pregnancy was also examined.
The study was carried out with colleagues from Imperial College London, and institutions in Finland including the National Public Health Institute, University of Oulu and the University Hospital of Oulu.
University of Greenwich. "Overweight mothers increase asthma risk for their children, study finds." ScienceDaily, 29 Sep. 2011. Web. 30 Sep. 2011Humans have an intuitive sense of number that allows them, for example, to readily identify which of two containers has more objects without counting. This ability is present at birth, and gradually improves throughout childhood. Although it's easier to compare quantities if the amounts differ greatly (such as 30 versus 15 objects), greater precision is needed when comparing items that are much closer in number. When this ability is measured during the school age years, it correlates with mathematics achievement. However, it has been unclear until now whether this intuitive ability actually serves as a foundation for school-age math abilities.
Results of the new study show that children's ability to make numerical estimates in preschool predicted their performance on mathematical tests taken in elementary school, more than two years later. The relationship appeared to be specific to math ability, because preschool number skills did not predict other abilities, such as expressive vocabulary or the ability to quickly name objects like letters or numbers.
"Children vary widely in both their numerical and non-numerical cognitive abilities at all ages," said Dr. Michele Mazzocco, Director of the Math Skills Development Project at Kennedy Krieger Institute and lead author of the study. "Based on earlier data showing a relationship between intuitive number skills and formal mathematics, we were interested to learn whether numerical skills measured prior to schooling predict the level of mathematics skills children demonstrate years later, in a formal educational setting."
Mazzocco, along with researchers Lisa Feigenson and Justin Halberda of Johns Hopkins University, examined the performance of 17 children (7 girls, 10 boys) who had taken part in an earlier study of numerical abilities as preschoolers. At ages three and four, the children had been asked to judge which of two sets of objects, such as blue or red crayons, had more items. In this new study, researchers measured the same children's math abilities more than two years later using a standardized mathematics assessment that involved a wide range of skills like counting, reading and writing numbers, and simple arithmetic.
"It was striking to find evidence that basic number abilities at such a young age may play a role in formal math achievement," said Mazzocco. "But additional studies are needed to determine whether these skills are malleable at an early age, how they contribute to math achievement and if they are related to other known influences on math performance."
Kennedy Krieger Institute. "Preschoolers' grasp of numbers predicts math performance in school years; Early number sense linked to elementary math scores." ScienceDaily, 14 Sep. 2011. Web. 15 Sep. 2011Renal biopsy is performed and reveals extensive crescent formation in approximately 75% of glomeruli and areas of segmental necrosis.
Immunofluorescence reveals weak immunoglobulin G staining in a linear pattern in the capillary walls and weak fibrinogen staining in a few of the glomerular segments, but findings are otherwise negative.
Electron microscopy reveals no evidence of immune complex deposition.
Results of the serologic work-up reveal:
Anti-GBM ab: < 3.0 (0-20)
Antinuclear antibody (ANA): negative
Investigadores del Instituto Catalán de Oncología (ICO) y del de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (Idibell) prueban que este dispositivo reduce hasta en un 54% las probabilidades de desarrollar un tumor uterino.
Un 54% menos de probabilidades
The research found that if a mother's diet contains a certain group of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) -- such as those found in fish, walnut oil or flaxseed -- the baby's gut develops differently. The PUFAs are thought to improve how gut immune cells respond to bacteria and foreign substances, making the baby less likely to suffer from allergies.
Until now, several clinical trials have shown that fish and walnut oil supplementation in pregnant women reduces the risk of allergy in their children, but the mechanism was unknown.
"There is intense research interest in maternal diet during pregnancy. In the western diet, the group of polyunsaturated fatty acids that we have shown to help gut function are actually disappearing -- our dietary intake of fish and nut oils is being replaced by corn oils which contain a different kind of fatty acid." Said Dr Gaëlle Boudry, of the INRA research institute in Rennes, France.
"Our study identifies that a certain group of polyunsaturated fatty acids -- known as n-3PUFAs -- causes a change in how a baby's gut develops, which in turn might change how the gut immune system develops. These changes are likely to reduce the risk of developing allergies in later life."
The team found that supplementing a mother's diet with n-3PUFA caused the newborn's gut to become more permeable. A more permeable gut enables bacteria and new substances to pass through the lining of the gut into the bloodstream more easily. These new substances then trigger the baby's immune response and the production of antibodies.
"The end result is that the baby's immune system may develop and mature faster -- leading to better immune function and less likelihood of suffering allergies," added Dr Boudry.
This research adds to previous studies which have shown that an intake of n-3 PUFAs during pregnancy increases gestational length and maturation of the central nervous system of a baby and that their performance on mental tasks also seemed to be improved in childhood.
"Other studies have found that a diet containing fish or walnut oil during pregnancy may make your baby smarter -- our research adds to this, suggesting such supplements also accelerate the development of a healthy immune system to ward off food allergies."
In terms of next steps, the team's findings were based on piglets so research will continue to see if they translate to humans. The porcine intestine is an excellent model of the human gut however, so they are hopeful that the findings can be extrapolated. The team also plans to investigate whether the apparent gut function-boosting effects of n-3PUFA that they have identified in newborns extends into later life.
Wiley-Blackwell. "Mother's diet influences baby's allergies, research suggests."ScienceDaily, 9 Sep. 2011. Web. 10 Sep. 2011Un estudio sugiere la posibilidad de que la nicotina pueda afectar al desarrollo del cerebro o que la afluencia de oxígeno se vea reducida por el humo del tabaco.
.Los hijos de madres que fumaron durante el embarazo son más propensos a terminar usando antidepresivos, estimulantes y medicamentos que pueden generar adicción, según un estudio finlandés publicado en American Journal of Epidemiology que apunta que fumar afecta al desarrollo del cerebro del bebé."Los resultados del estudio muestran que la exposición al tabaquismo durante el embarazo está relacionada con el desarrollo de enfermedades psiquiátricas, tanto leves como graves", asegura el investigador principal, Mikael Ekblad, del Departamento de Pediatría del Turku University Hospital (Finlandia).
"Aunque los hallazgos no demuestran que fumar cigarrillos durante el embarazo cause cambios en el cerebro de los niños o en su comportamiento, sí ofrecen una prueba más para alentar a las mujeres a que no fumen durante el embarazo", reconoce el investigador.
Ekblad y sus compañeros utilizaron datos de 175.000 niños nacidos en Finlandia entre 1987 y 1989, a cuyas madres se les preguntó si habían fumado durante el embarazo. Los investigadores compararon los registros de nacimiento con una base de datos nacional de medicamentos cubiertos por la seguridad social prescritos entre 1994 y 2007, cuando los niños tenían entre 5 y 20 años.
Según revela el estudio, en general, a uno de cada 11 niños se le prescribió un medicamento psiquiátrico en algún momento durante ese período, incluidos los medicamentos contra la ansiedad, los antipsicóticos, antidepresivos, estimulantes y medicamentos que pueden generar adicción.
En concreto, el 8% de los niños y adolescentes de madres no fumadoras durante el embarazo recibió al menos uno de esos medicamentos durante el período de estudio frente al 11% de los hijos de madres que fumaban menos de 10 cigarrillos al día, y cerca del 14% de los que eran hijos de mujeres que consumían más de 10 al día durante la gestación.
Según los investigadores, "no está claro cómo puede afectar al cerebro del bebé el hecho de que las madres fumen. Es posible que la nicotina pueda afectar al desarrollo del cerebro o que el acceso de oxígeno durante el embarazo se reduzca por el humo del tabaco".
El estudio tiene sus limitaciones porque los investigadores no pudieron saber si las madres habían tomado medicamentos psicotrópicos, alcohol o drogas ilícitas durante el embarazo. Además, tampoco sabían si el padre fumaba mientras el niño estaba en el útero o si el padre o la madre fumaban tras el nacimiento del bebé cuando todavía estaba en desarrollo el cerebro del niño.
Using a patient's own bone marrow stem cells to treat acute stroke is feasible and safe, according to the results of a ground-breaking Phase I trial at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)
"In order to bring stem cells forward as a potential new treatment for stroke patients, we have to establish safety first and this study provides the first evidence in addressing that goal," said Sean I. Savitz, M.D., principal investigator and associate professor of neurology at The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, part of UTHealth. "Now we are conducting two other stroke cell therapy studies examining safety and efficacy, one of which can be administered up to 19 days after someone has suffered a stroke."
The study's findings were published in a recent issue of theAnnals of Neurology. Of the 10 patients enrolled in the study, there were no study-related severe adverse events. Although the study was not intended to address efficacy, the investigators compared the study group with historical control patients, who admitted to the stroke service at Memorial Hermann-TMC before the trial began. In that comparison, the study team found a number of patients who did better compared with controls. However, Savitz said that type of analysis has limitations.
Stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted by a blockage or a rupture in an artery, depriving brain tissue of oxygen. It is the third-leading cause of death behind heart disease and cancer and a leading cause of disability. According to the American Stroke Association, nearly 800,000 Americans suffer a stroke each year -- one every 40 seconds. The only current treatment for ischemic stroke, the most prevalent kind, is the clot-buster tPA. But only one-third of patients respond well to tPA, so researchers continue to look at other therapies.
Savitz' other stem cell studies for stroke are using a regenerative therapy developed by Aldagen that uses a patient's own bone marrow stem cells injected into the carotid artery; and an umbilical cord-derived cell therapy that can be used "off-the-shelf," which he hopes to bring to community hospitals so that a larger number of stroke patients in Houston have access to ground-breaking research testing new potential therapies
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